Health, Nutrition & Fitness: 05/17/11

May 17, 2011

Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer or cancer of the cervix is an abnormal growth of malignant (cancer) cells in the cervix. It is the second most common cancer in females and it is successfully curable in the early stages. Cervical cancer occurs most commonly between 40 and 55 years of age.

The cervix is the opening of the uterus connected to the upper vagina. It is known as the neck of the uterus. The lower end of the cervix has an opening called the external os, and before childbirth it is about 5mm in diameter. It dilates to 10cm during labour to allow for childbirth and never regains its former shape, changing to a slit approximately 7mm long. Normally the cervix is pink in colour but turns bluish in pregnancy because of an increased blood supply.

The surface layer of the cervix is made up of two different types of cells, flat cells called squamous cells and tall column-like gland cells called columnar cells. This produces a mucous membrane, but the mucous membrane of the cervix is smooth. The place where squamous and columnar cells meet is known as the transformation zone and this is the area of the cervix where cancer most commonly arises. The cancer cells may be present in the cervix for 4-10 years before becoming invasive, affecting the deeper tissues and giving rise to symptoms. Even when the cancer is invasive , there is an 80% chance of successful cure. Once it spreads through the pelvis to the vagina, uterus, bladder or rectum, it is much more difficult to cure.

Note : All statements given are only for information purpose. We are not responsible or liable for any problems related to the utilization of information on this site. We suggest that you consult a qualified doctor before trying any alternative health care remedies.

Breast Cancer

Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Stages | Treatment

Sometimes abnormal cells develop in the breast tissue, forming a lump or tumor. This is the most common type of cancer in women.

The breast has several lobes, which are divided into lobules and end in the milk glands. Tiny ducts run from the many tiny glands, connect together, and end in the nipple. Any tissue in the breast can be affected and it will destroy the nearby tissues also. Usually the cancer arises from tissue that forms milk ducts. There are at least 15 different kinds, depending on the site of development . Both women and men can develop breast cancer, but it is very rare in men.

Breast cancer occurs more commonly in the left breast than the right and more commonly in the outer upper quadrant. The tumor may distort the shape of the breast or the texture of the skin as it becomes larger. It can be detected when it grow large enough to either be felt or seen on a mammogram.

The cancer cells spread through the specialised channels in the breast called lymphatics to the lymph nodes to form tumors. It also spread or metasize to the other parts of the body through the blood stream. It spreads through the right side of the heart to the lungs, and eventually to the other breasts, the chest wall, liver, bone and brain. Spreading of the tumor to other parts of the body can cause death.

Breast cancer can be classified by histologic appearance and location of the lesion.

Adenocarcinoma - arising from the epithelium.
Intraductal - developing within the ducts
Infiltrating - Occurring in parenchyma of the breast.
Inflammatory - reflecting rapid tumor growth, in which the overlying skin become edematous, inflamed and in-durated.
Lobular carcinoma in situ - reflecting tumor growth involving lobes of glandular tissue.
Medullary or circumscribed - large tumor with rapid growth rate.

Menorrhagia

It is menstruation with abnormally heavy or prolonged blood flow. This may be frequent periods, one that continuous for 7 days or more, or one with exceptionally heavy flow over two to three days. Menorrhagia can occur because of fibroids, inflammation in the pelvic cavity, an Intrauterine device (IUD) or hormonal imbalance.

The bleeding can cause anaemia with pallor fatigue, which can be treated with iron supplements. Treatment depends on the cause and may include a D and C, the combined contraceptive pill, removal of an IUD, or danazol, a drug that inhibits the hormones produced by the pituitary gland.

Mastitis inflammation of the breas

It occurs usually because of bacterial infection during breast feeding. Symptoms include, pain in the affected breast, tenderness, swelling, fever and possibly a chill. Treatment with warm compress and antibiotics normally resolves the condition. If the inflammation does not subside then a breast abscess may form.

Gonorrhoea

It is an extremely common venereal or sexually transmitted disease, that is caused by the bacterium Neissera-gonorrhoeae. The bacteria are found in the Mucous Membrances of the Vagina, Urethra, throat and mouth. If gonorrhoea is not treated it can damage and inflame the Fallopian Tubes and other pelvic organs, and this can arise after only 8-10 weeks. Other possible damage includes eye infection that can cause blindness, septicaemia (blood poisoning), Gonococcal Arthritis, it may occur in conjunction with a painful skin rash and inflammation of heart valves. Symptoms of gonorrheoa include vaginal discharge (green or yellow in colour), Dysuria, possible inflammation of the rectum and a sore throat . To diagnose the disease, swabs of the discharge are obtained and organisms grown are identified in the laboratory. Treatment is by a single , very large dose of penicillin, or tetracycline if the organisms is resistant to penicillin.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

It is an inflammation of the Fallopian Tubes, ovaries and Uterus. The disease can be acute or chronic. Acute PID causes severe abdominal pains, high fever , chills, foul-smelling vaginal discharge and abdominal tenderness. PID is a result of bacterial infection, but chlamydia and Gonorrhoea are responsible for mini cases. Treatment is by means of antibiotics and bed rest. The condition usually improve within two weeks. But if not, another antibiotics is given. If 3 courses of antibiotics do not clear the infection, then the disease is deemed to have become chronic, Chronic PID results in a low level of infection that can continue for weeks or months.

Symptoms are persistent abdominal pain or cramps, fatigue, weakness and very heavy menstrual periods. Some mild cases have few or no symptoms but can cause partial or total infertility.

Osteoporosis

A condition in which the amount of bone mass decreases to the point where the bones are fragile and easily fractured, affecting twice as many women as men. Women are particularly risk from the osteoporosis as they have a lower density of bone, because of smaller body size than men. The risk increases those who have a premature menopause, early hysterectomy, previous anorexia nervosa etc. Also women who smoke or drink excessively are at the greater risk. Weight-bearing exercise , a diet rich in calcium, Vitamin D and other minerals, and not smoking can help to prevent bone loss. Hormone replacement therapy is the most effective preventive treatment but is not suitable for all women. Physiotherapy and acupunture can help to relieve pain. Osteoporosis can be detected by doing Bone Density Test

Leucorrhoea

A discharge of white-yellow coloured mucus from the vagina. it may be normal condition, increasing before and after menstruation, but a copious vaginal discharge, especially if it has a strong smell, probably indicates an infection in the genital tract. A common cause is thrush, but it may also be because of Gonorrhoea or some other sexually transmitted disease.

Amenorrhoea (Absence of periods)

It is a failure to have periods, which may be described as primary or secondary . Primary amenorrhoea is the failure to menstruate by age 16, and the main cause is the late onset of puberty. A girl may have the other signs of puberty but lack of periods. this may be a cause of a pituitary tumor, which can be found via a skull X -ray , or because of cryptomenorrohea, where menstrual bleedings does occur but it is held inside the vagina by an obstruction such as imperforate Hymen. The condition may arise because parts of the female reproductive system are missing. The most common reason for primary amenorrhoea is disruption of the relationship between the ovaries and the pituitary gland.

Secondary amenorrhoea occurs when a woman stops menstruating for 3 months or more after normal menstrual periods have been established but before the onset of the Menopause. It may arise as a result of stress, chronic diseases. Stopping the contraceptive pill, which affects hormone production in the brain , can cause amenorrhoea for up to a year, and it may arise after child birth and breast feeding. Failure of ovaries, prompting a premature menopause before the age of 40, is another cause. Amenorrhoea is permanent after the menopause or if the uterus is removed in a Hysterectomy

Common diseases

Acne

It is a common inflammatory skin disease that mainly affects the face, neck, chest and upper back. it is caused by an interaction between hormones, bacteria and sebum produced by the comedones (pimples), pustiles (lesions filled with pus) and occasionally CYSTS. This is possibly caused by changing hormone levels.

Mild cases may be eased by washing the face with a gentle toilet soap or by drying agents such as benzoyl peroxide. Severe acne may need oral treatment with antibiotics such as tetracycline or hormone therapy such as Dianette, which also acts as a Contraceptive.

Very severe acne can be treated using a derivative of Vitamin A, called tretinoin or Retin A. This cream is applied in each night and takes about 3 weeks to be effective. An oral version called Ro- accutane is very good against severe acne but carries serious risks of foetal abnormality during pregnancy.

Trace Minerals Glossary

By Shereen Jegtvig, About.com Guide

Updated May 14, 2011

About.com Health's Disease and Condition content is reviewed by our Medical Review Board

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These minerals are all essential for good health, but your body only needs a very small amount of each one. These trace minerals are important for immune system function, energy, metabolism and antioxidant protection.

Chromium

Eyewave/iStockphoto

Chromium is necessary for normal metabolism and storage of sugar and starch. Chromium is found in a wide variety of foods, so deficiencies are very rare. Learn more about chromium.

Major Minerals Glossary

By Shereen Jegtvig, About.com Guide

Updated July 22, 2009

About.com Health's Disease and Condition content is reviewed by our Medical Review Board

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The major minerals are the six dietary minerals your body needs in the largest amounts. These minerals are necessary for many processes in your body, especially fluid balance, maintenance of bones and teeth, muscle contractions and nervous system function.

Calcium

Ty Smith

Probably best known for preventing osteoporosis, calcium is necessary for much more than strong bones and teeth. Calcium is found in dairy products and dark green vegetables. Learn more about calcium.

Chloride

Mike Fitzpatrick

Chloride is a major mineral that your body needs to make digestive juices and to keep body fluids balanced. Chloride is found in salt and many vegetables, including celery and tomatoes. Learn more about chloride.

Magnesium

Mike Coombes

Magnesium is important for many biochemical functions. It's found in nuts, seeds, whole grains, legumes and dark green vegetables. Learn more about magnesium.

Phosphorus

Greg Nicholas

Phosphorus is important for bone growth, energy production and normal cell membranes. Foods that are high in protein such as meats, nuts, seeds and legumes are also high in phosphorus. Learn more about phosphorous.

Potassium

Niels Rameckers

Potassium is important for nervous system function, muscle contraction and fluid balance in the body. Potassium is found in fruits and vegetables. Learn more about potassium.

Sodium

Anka Draganski

Your body needs sodium to maintain fluid balance and blood pressure. Sodium is found in many foods, but the best known source is salt. Learn more about sodium.

More About Calcium and Other Minerals

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Fat-Soluble Vitamins

By Shereen Jegtvig, About.com Guide

Updated May 14, 2011

About.com Health's Disease and Condition content is reviewed by our Medical Review Board

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The fat-soluble vitamins are vital for many of the functions your body needs to stay healthy, including cell differentiation, immune system function and they'll help to keep your bones strong. Your body stores the fat-soluble vitamins in your body, so you need to be careful with dietary supplements that include fat-soluble vitamins.

Vitamin A

Pat Herman

Vitamin A is important for normal vision, adequate growth, immune system function and for cell division and differentiation. It's found in butter, egg yolks, fish, liver, meats, whole milk, dark green vegetables, yellow, and orange fruits and vegetables. Learn more about vitamin A.

Vitamin D

Chris Chidsey

Vitamin D is required to absorb and utilize calcium, which keeps your bones and teeth strong. It's not found in many foods unless they have been fortified. Normally, your body makes vitamin D when your skin is exposed to sunlight. Learn more about vitamin D.

Vitamin E

Jillian Pond

Vitamin E is important as an antioxidant that protects the cells of your body from free radical damage. It's found in nuts, seeds, vegetables oils, cereals and dark green leafy vegetables. Learn more about vitamin E.

Vitamin K

Florin Bleiceanu

Vitamin K is important for normal blood clotting and may help to keep your bones strong as you age. It's found in dark green leafy vegetables, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, and soybeans. Learn more about vitamin K.

Healthy Foods

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Water-Soluble Vitamins

By Shereen Jegtvig, About.com Guide

Updated May 14, 2011

About.com Health's Disease and Condition content is reviewed by our Medical Review Board

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The water-soluble vitamins are vital for many of the functions your body needs to stay healthy, including energy production, immune system function and they'll help to keep your heart healthy. Your body doesn't store most of the water-soluble vitamins very long, so they need to be replenished daily.

Vitamin C

Steve Woods

Vitamin C is found in most fruits and vegetables, especially citrus fruits, strawberries, peppers and potatoes. You need vitamin C for a healthy immune system and for healthy skin. Learn more about vitamin C.

hiamine

Andre Lubbe

Thiamine is found in legumes, fish, lean meats, whole grains and fortified breads and cereals. You need thiamine to help your body make energy out of the carbohydrates you eat. Learn more about thiamine.

Riboflavin

Dawn Allyn

Riboflavin is found in lean meats, eggs, leafy green vegetables, nuts, legumes, fortified breads and cereals,milk and dairy products. You need riboflavin for general body growth and for energy. Learn more about riboflavin.

Niacin

Mike Coombes

Niacin is found in dairy products, poultry, fish, lean meats, nuts, legumes and eggs. You need niacin for healthy skin and for converting the foods you eat to energy. Learn more about niacin.

Pantothenic Acid

Peggy Greb

Pantothenic acid is found in a wide variety of foods including organ meats, eggs, fish and shellfish, poultry, legumes, whole grains, dairy products, cruciferous vegetables, avocados, and mushrooms. You need pantothenic acid for energy production. Learn more about pantothenic acid.

Vitamin B6

Tondo Susanto

Vitamin B6 is found in a variety of foods such as fish, meat, beans and legumes and many vegetables. You need vitamin B6 for a healthy nervous system and for making hemoglobin. Learn more about vitamin B6.

Folate

Florin Bleiceanu

Folate is found in leafy green vegetables such as spinach, fruits like oranges and strawberries, legumes and whole grains. Your body needs folate to make red blood cells and for breaking down the proteins you eat. Learn more about folate.

Vitamin B12

Greg Nicholas

Vitamin B12 is found in meats, poultry, seafood, eggs, and dairy products. You need vitamin B12 for a healthy nervous system and blood cell production. Learn more about vitamin B12.

Vitamins and Diet

Healthy Diet

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Know Your Vitamins and Minerals

By Shereen Jegtvig, About.com Guide

Created November 04, 2010

About.com Health's Disease and Condition content is reviewed by our Medical Review Board

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Vitamins and minerals are called micro-nutrients because you only need a small amount of them, compared to the macro-nutrients you need in large amounts: carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Although you only need small amounts of vitamins and minerals, they're crucial for good health.
A healthy, balanced diet should provide you with the vitamins and minerals your body needs. However, people who have certain health conditions, eat nutrient-poor diets, or are taking some types of medications may need to take some dietary supplements to ensure they get enough of all these vitamins and minerals.

1. Water-Soluble Vitamins

Angelika Stern

The water-soluble vitamins include thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, B6, folate, B12 (the B-Complex family of vitamins) and vitamin C. They are vital for many of your body's functions, including energy production and immune system function, and they'll help to keep your heart healthy.
Your body doesn't store most of the water-soluble vitamins very long, so they need to be replenished daily. Learn more about the water-soluble vitamins.

2. Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Michel Marcon

The fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E and K, and are vital for many of the functions your body needs to stay healthy, including cell differentiation and immune system function, and they'll help to keep your bones strong.
Your body does store the fat-soluble vitamins; however, you still need small amounts each day to keep up those stores. Learn more about fat-soluble vitamins.

3. Major Minerals

Ty Smith

The major minerals are calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium. These minerals are necessary for many processes in your body, especially fluid balance, maintenance of bones and teeth, muscle contractions and nervous system function. Learn more about the major minerals.

4. Trace Minerals

Mike Coombes

These minerals include chromium, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium and zinc. They are all essential for good health, but your body only needs a very small amount of each one. These trace minerals are important for immune system function, energy, metabolism, and antioxidant protection. Learn more about the trace minerals.

What Are Vitamins and Minerals?

Nutrition Basics

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Which Form of Vitamin D is Better, D2 or D3? By Shereen Jegtvig, About.com Guide

What's best, D2 or D3?

Tanja Sund

What's D2 and D3 Anyway?

Vitamin D is a substance your body synthesizes after your skin is exposed to sunlight, however it is also available in fish oil and in foods that have been fortified with vitamin D. In your body, vitamin D acts like a hormone to help your body absorb and use calcium and regulate the amount of calcium in your blood. If you don't get enough vitamin D, you'll increase your risk of osteoporosis, or other bone-weakening diseases such as osteomalacia and osteopenia. Vitamin D is also important for a healthy immune system and normal nerve and muscle function. Now for a little bit of vitamin D biochemistry (very little, I promise). Cholecalciferol (that's D3) is the form of vitamin D found in animals. When your skin is exposed to the UVB rays of sunlight , your body converts something called 7-Dehydrocholesterol (related to cholesterol) through a series of biochemical steps to cholecalciferol. Then through another step, the cholecalciferol is converted to calcifediol, which is also called 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and is the form that the laboratory measures when your doctor orders a vitamin D test. Finally your body turns calcifediol into the active form of vitamin D (the one that does the work) called calcitriol.
Plants go through a similar process, but instead of cholecalciferol, plants have ergocalciferol (D2). Cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol are very similar chemically and in late 1920s it was discovered that ergocalciferol was effective for treating rickets in children. For decades, ergocalciferol has been accepted as a supplementary form of vitamin D.
In the 1980 and 90s, scientists suggested that the animal form, D3, was more effective for raising blood levels of vitamin D3 (25-hydroxyvitamin D3). Since then two more studies found no difference between the two forms and a third detected more effective increases with D3, but the researchers weren't clear if it really made much therapeutic difference.
Why such different results? Lots of factors can affect research studies of this type. One study was done in the summer so sun exposure could have messed up the results. And maybe diet and use of dietary supplements can change things. Plus who is the best group of people to study? People with osteoporosis? Kidney disease? Healthy people who may just be a little low in vitamin D? Old people? Young people? Men? Women? Research can be difficult because the findings for one group of people be the same for another.
I'm sure more research will be done on the differences between D2 and D3, but in the meantime if you're concerned about your vitamin D levels, the best thing to do is go to a health care provider to have your blood levels of vitamin D checked. If they're low, you can take either form of vitamin D and after a few weeks, have your blood checked again to see if the supplements are working. Always follow the label directions for taking vitamin D supplements unless your health care provider tells you differently.
_Sources:
_{A Comparison of Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol Therapy in
Hemodialysis Patients and Effect on Parathyroid Hormone. Poster Session:
Mineral Metabolism: Bone Disease (10:00 AM-12:00 PM) Poster Board
Number: SA-PO2820. Accessed February 4, 2010. http://www.abstracts2view.com/asn/view.php?nu=ASN09L1_235a.}
_{Armas LA, Hollis BW, Heaney RP. "Vitamin D2 is much less
effective than vitamin D3 in humans." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004
Nov;89(11):5387-91.}
_{Glendenning P, Chew GT, Seymour HM, Gillett MJ, Goldswain PR,
Inderjeeth CA, Vasikaran SD, Taranto M, Musk AA, Fraser WD. "Serum
25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in vitamin D-insufficient hip fracture
patients after supplementation with ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol."
Bone. 2009 Nov;45(5):870-5.}
_{Holick MF, Biancuzzo RM, Chen TC, Klein EK, Young A, Bibuld D,
Reitz R, Salameh W, Ameri A, Tannenbaum AD. "Vitamin D2 is as effective
as vitamin D3 in maintaining circulating concentrations of
25-hydroxyvitamin D." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Mar;93(3):677-81.}
_{Houghton LA, Vieth R. "The case against ergocalciferol (vitamin
D2) as a vitamin supplement." Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Oct;84(4):694-7.}
_{NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. "Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin D." Accessed February 4, 2010. http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamind/.}

May 17, 2011

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